Human genome

Outraged thought juices wanted me sleeping in my head and disturbing the delicate structure of the brain aroused in him the imagination. Brain fiber, untouched by rising from the vessels of the body in pairs, began to tremble for longer than others .... " So wrote Radishchev in his famous "Journey", created at the end of the eighteenth century.
Genomic Columba

And today we are witnesses of transcripts of individual genomes of individuals. In October 2007, about reading its genome said Craig Venter, who five years ago was one of those who first decoded the human genome. Venter did not "close" on the status of two dozen genes that are suspected by scientists in the "addiction" to alcohol, the development of antisocial behavior, addiction to smoking, the development of cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease.
But James Watson, sootkryvatel double helix of DNA, the substance of genes, information brand name viagra about your genes, "Alzheimer's" closed. Its genome was published in March 2007. His book about it called "Avoid boring people and other lessons of life sciences."

By participating in the campaign promotion of the book, Watson made an unforgivable faux pas for the politically correct America, saying that the mind of African Americans, people of African descent, yet different from the intelligence of whites. And he wants to live up to the opening of the genes of the mind, to compare them with those and others. Critics have accused the Nobel laureate, who, beginning with his first book "The Double Helix", and loved to shock the respectable audience, almost in racism.
Do not feel the difference

However, the question is much harder than it may seem kritikanstvuyuschim people from Fletlanda - Flatland, - dwelling in a flat two-dimensional world and knows no depth, no altitude, in general, is born to crawl ...

Craig, by the way, reading your genome, found that differences between individuals are five times more than was thought until now. All these years, scientists believed that each person is different at 0.1% of its genome (it seems that these differences cause all known reactions of rejection of transplanted organs and tissues). It turned out that the differences genomes reach-half! It is not surprising that some people become winners of the most prestigious awards, while others succeed in business, art and writing operas, political activities, etc.
Autism - out!

One example of such differences - a wonderful state, first described more than 60 years ago and known as "autism" in which a person concentrates on "auto", that is closed in itself. We call such children "Buki" ...

Autism - a strange state in which the intellect suffers in the rarest cases. Scientists have long suspected that autism is under a genetic basis, because identical, or monozygotic, twins, it happens in more than 90%, and fraternal - in the range of 10-50%. Today, autism genes found in nearly all human chromosomes. But the greatest suspicion of causing two genes, one of which was opened in 1992 at the University of Texas in Dallas.

Genes encode proteins neyroligin and neyreksin that connect the nerve cells in the so-called synapses. The first mutation in a gene neyroligina in children with autism was discovered only four years ago at the Paris Pasteur Institute. In March of this year's survey data published in 1600 households in North America and Europe, during which revealed a clear association with disease status of the gene neyroligina.

At present, a man known for five genes of this protein, three of which are localized in the female sex chromosome X ("X"), and two more on the X chromosome and the male Y («igrek). It is believed Viagra the era of effective treatment that the X chromosome - "container" intelligence genes. At least it is in this gene is a very important neural enzyme MAO - monoamine oxidase. Mutations of MAO leads to the emergence of an aggressive form of schizophrenia, which is especially characteristic of men who have only one X chromosome (females are two of them).

It should be stipulated that not all children with autism found mutations in the gene neyroligina. But to date, it has a unique "hook" in the vast human genome. That's why scientists are so closely reacted to this discovery, which will surely help dramatically increase "targeted" for further searches.
Gnawing model



Confirmation of this view is the last message from Dallas, where not going to "give up" with the gene neyroligina. At this time, staff, University of Texas received a gene-modified mice, which have a mutant gene neyroligina.

The mutation was that they "changed" evolutionarily conserved, that is very persistent over millions of years, the amino acid arginine at position 451 of the protein chain to "neutral" cysteine. The replacement, which, incidentally, shows up and the children of men, the protein became much worse to perform its function, twice as increasing the time of the nerve impulse across the synapse (violation of the conduction of nerve contact may be compared with the slowdown for some reason traffic on the roads because of what the increased travel time).
Violation of the "flow" of electricity through the nerve synapses with a mutant protein leads to a sharp deterioration of "social" interaction of mutant animals with normal mice, as well as slow learning. Texans quite reasonably do not exaggerate the significance of his achievement, yet they say that for the first time in more than 60-year history of the study of autism created him a living model. Now you can with autism not only to describe in words but also to study experimentally.

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